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# rustlings # rustlings
Small exercises to get you used to reading and writing Rust code. Includes practice reading and responding to Small exercises to get you used to reading and writing Rust code. Includes practice reading and
compiler messages! responding to compiler messages!
This repo is very much the smallest thing that could possibly work :) This repo is very much the smallest thing that could possibly work :)
## To do these exercises ## To do these exercises
Thanks to [btbytes'](https://twitter.com/btbytes) [prlinks](https://github.com/btbytes/prlink), you can now click on the links below to load the exercises in the rust playground! Thanks to [btbytes'](https://twitter.com/btbytes) [prlinks](https://github.com/btbytes/prlink), you
can now click on the links below to load the exercises in the rust playground!
There are infinite correct answers-- the exercises are sometimes left very open-ended. Scroll down in the playground to find comments that have hints. There are infinite correct answers-- the exercises are sometimes left very open-ended. Scroll down
in the playground to find comments that have hints.
If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-beginners on irc.mozilla.org](https://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust-beginners ), the [user forum](https://users.rust-lang.org/), or [the subreddit](https://reddit.com/r/rust). If an exercise could be improved in any way, please [create an issue](https://github.com/carols10cents/rustlings/issues/new) or submit a pull request! If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-beginners on
irc.mozilla.org](https://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust-beginners ), the
[user forum](https://users.rust-lang.org/), or [the subreddit](https://reddit.com/r/rust). If an
exercise could be improved in any way, please [create an
issue](https://github.com/carols10cents/rustlings/issues/new) or submit a pull request!
### Variable bindings ### Variable bindings
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/variable-bindings.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/variable-bindings.html)
- ["variables1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++x+%3D+5%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22x+has+the+value+%7B%7D%22%2C+x%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Hint%3A+The+declaration+on+line+4+is+missing+a+keyword+that+is+needed+in+Rust%0A%2F%2F+to+create+a+new+variable+binding.%0A) - ["variables1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++x+%3D+5%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22x+has+the+value+%7B%7D%22%2C+x%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Hint%3A+The+declaration+on+line+4+is+missing+a+keyword+that+is+needed+in+Rust%0A%2F%2F+to+create+a+new+variable+binding.%0A)
- ["variables2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+x%3B%0A++++if+x+%3D%3D+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Not+ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+compiler+message+is+saying+that+Rust+cannot+infer+the+type+that+the%0A%2F%2F+variable+binding+%60x%60+has+with+what+is+given+here.%0A%2F%2F+What+happens+if+you+annotate+line+4+with+a+type+annotation%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+give+x+a+value%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+do+both%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+type+should+x+be%2C+anyway%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+x+is+the+same+type+as+10%3F+What+if+it%27s+a+different+type%3F%0A) - ["variables2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+x%3B%0A++++if+x+%3D%3D+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Not+ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+compiler+message+is+saying+that+Rust+cannot+infer+the+type+that+the%0A%2F%2F+variable+binding+%60x%60+has+with+what+is+given+here.%0A%2F%2F+What+happens+if+you+annotate+line+4+with+a+type+annotation%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+give+x+a+value%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+do+both%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+type+should+x+be%2C+anyway%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+x+is+the+same+type+as+10%3F+What+if+it%27s+a+different+type%3F%0A)
@ -28,7 +35,8 @@ If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-
### Functions ### Functions
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/functions.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/functions.html)
- ["functions1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+main+function+is+calling+a+function+that+it+expects+to+exist%2C+but+the%0A%2F%2F+function+doesn%27t+exist.+It+expects+this+function+to+have+the+name+%60call_me%60.%0A%2F%2F+It+expects+this+function+to+not+take+any+arguments+and+not+return+a+value.%0A%2F%2F+Sounds+a+lot+like+%60main%60%2C+doesn%27t+it%3F%0A) - ["functions1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+main+function+is+calling+a+function+that+it+expects+to+exist%2C+but+the%0A%2F%2F+function+doesn%27t+exist.+It+expects+this+function+to+have+the+name+%60call_me%60.%0A%2F%2F+It+expects+this+function+to+not+take+any+arguments+and+not+return+a+value.%0A%2F%2F+Sounds+a+lot+like+%60main%60%2C+doesn%27t+it%3F%0A)
- ["functions2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%283%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+call_me%28num%29+%7B%0A++++for+i+in+0..num+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ring%21+Call+number+%7B%7D%22%2C+i+%2B+1%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Rust+requires+that+all+parts+of+a+function%27s+signature+have+type+annotations%2C%0A%2F%2F+but+%60call_me%60+is+missing+the+type+annotation+of+%60num%60.%0A) - ["functions2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%283%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+call_me%28num%29+%7B%0A++++for+i+in+0..num+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ring%21+Call+number+%7B%7D%22%2C+i+%2B+1%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Rust+requires+that+all+parts+of+a+function%27s+signature+have+type+annotations%2C%0A%2F%2F+but+%60call_me%60+is+missing+the+type+annotation+of+%60num%60.%0A)
@ -38,7 +46,8 @@ If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-
### Primitive types ### Primitive types
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/primitive-types.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/primitive-types.html)
- ["primitive_types1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Booleans+%28%60bool%60%29%0A%0A++++let+is_morning+%3D+true%3B%0A++++if+is_morning+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+morning%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+the+rest+of+this+line+like+the+example%21+Or+make+it+be+false%21%0A++++if+is_evening+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+evening%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A) - ["primitive_types1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Booleans+%28%60bool%60%29%0A%0A++++let+is_morning+%3D+true%3B%0A++++if+is_morning+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+morning%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+the+rest+of+this+line+like+the+example%21+Or+make+it+be+false%21%0A++++if+is_evening+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+evening%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A)
- ["primitive_types2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Characters+%28%60char%60%29%0A%0A++++let+my_first_initial+%3D+%27C%27%3B%0A++++if+my_first_initial.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+my_first_initial.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+this+line+like+the+example%21+What%27s+your+favorite+character%3F%0A++++%2F%2F+Try+a+letter%2C+try+a+number%2C+try+a+special+character%2C+try+a+character%0A++++%2F%2F+from+a+different+language+than+your+own%2C+try+an+emoji%21%0A++++if+your_character.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+your_character.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A) - ["primitive_types2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Characters+%28%60char%60%29%0A%0A++++let+my_first_initial+%3D+%27C%27%3B%0A++++if+my_first_initial.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+my_first_initial.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+this+line+like+the+example%21+What%27s+your+favorite+character%3F%0A++++%2F%2F+Try+a+letter%2C+try+a+number%2C+try+a+special+character%2C+try+a+character%0A++++%2F%2F+from+a+different+language+than+your+own%2C+try+an+emoji%21%0A++++if+your_character.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+your_character.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A)
@ -52,7 +61,8 @@ If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-
Going out of order from the Syntax and Semantics section of the book to cover tests-- many of the Going out of order from the Syntax and Semantics section of the book to cover tests-- many of the
following exercises will ask you to make tests pass! following exercises will ask you to make tests pass!
[Testing chapter from the Effective Rust section of the book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/testing.html) [Testing chapter from the Effective Rust section of the
book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/testing.html)
- ["tests1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Tests+are+important+to+ensure+that+your+code+does+what+you+think+it+should+do.%0A%2F%2F+Tests+can+be+run+on+this+file+with+the+following+command%3A%0A%2F%2F+rustc+--test+tests1.rs%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+You+don%27t+even+need+to+write+any+code+to+test+--+you+can+just+test+values+and+run+that%2C+even%0A%2F%2F+though+you+wouldn%27t+do+that+in+real+life+%3A%29+%60assert%21%60+is+a+macro+that+needs+an+argument.%0A%2F%2F+Depending+on+the+value+of+the+argument%2C+%60assert%21%60+will+do+nothing+%28in+which+case+the+test+will%0A%2F%2F+pass%29+or+%60assert%21%60+will+panic+%28in+which+case+the+test+will+fail%29.+So+try+giving+different+values%0A%2F%2F+to+%60assert%21%60+and+see+which+ones+compile%2C+which+ones+pass%2C+and+which+ones+fail+%3A%29%0A) - ["tests1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Tests+are+important+to+ensure+that+your+code+does+what+you+think+it+should+do.%0A%2F%2F+Tests+can+be+run+on+this+file+with+the+following+command%3A%0A%2F%2F+rustc+--test+tests1.rs%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+You+don%27t+even+need+to+write+any+code+to+test+--+you+can+just+test+values+and+run+that%2C+even%0A%2F%2F+though+you+wouldn%27t+do+that+in+real+life+%3A%29+%60assert%21%60+is+a+macro+that+needs+an+argument.%0A%2F%2F+Depending+on+the+value+of+the+argument%2C+%60assert%21%60+will+do+nothing+%28in+which+case+the+test+will%0A%2F%2F+pass%29+or+%60assert%21%60+will+panic+%28in+which+case+the+test+will+fail%29.+So+try+giving+different+values%0A%2F%2F+to+%60assert%21%60+and+see+which+ones+compile%2C+which+ones+pass%2C+and+which+ones+fail+%3A%29%0A)
- ["tests2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests2.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert_eq%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Like+the+previous+exercise%2C+you+don%27t+need+to+write+any+code+to+get+this+test+to+compile+and%0A%2F%2F+run.+%60assert_eq%21%60+is+a+macro+that+takes+two+arguments+and+compares+them.+Try+giving+it+two%0A%2F%2F+values+that+are+equal%21+Try+giving+it+two+arguments+that+are+different%21+Try+giving+it+two+values%0A%2F%2F+that+are+of+different+types%21+Try+switching+which+argument+comes+first+and+which+comes+second%21%0A) - ["tests2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests2.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert_eq%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Like+the+previous+exercise%2C+you+don%27t+need+to+write+any+code+to+get+this+test+to+compile+and%0A%2F%2F+run.+%60assert_eq%21%60+is+a+macro+that+takes+two+arguments+and+compares+them.+Try+giving+it+two%0A%2F%2F+values+that+are+equal%21+Try+giving+it+two+arguments+that+are+different%21+Try+giving+it+two+values%0A%2F%2F+that+are+of+different+types%21+Try+switching+which+argument+comes+first+and+which+comes+second%21%0A)
@ -61,13 +71,15 @@ following exercises will ask you to make tests pass!
### If ### If
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/if.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/if.html)
- ["if1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+if1.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+bigger%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3Ai32%29+-%3E+i32+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+the+bigger+number%21%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+-+another+function+call%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+ten_is_bigger_than_eight%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2810%2C+bigger%2810%2C+8%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+fortytwo_is_bigger_than_thirtytwo%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2842%2C+bigger%2832%2C+42%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+It%27s+possible+to+do+this+in+one+line+if+you+would+like%21%0A%2F%2F+Some+similar+examples+from+other+languages%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+In+C%28%2B%2B%29+this+would+be%3A+%60a+%3E+b+%3F+a+%3A+b%60%0A%2F%2F+-+In+Python+this+would+be%3A++%60a+if+a+%3E+b+else+b%60%0A%2F%2F+Remember+in+Rust+that%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+the+%60if%60+condition+does+not+need+to+be+surrounded+by+parentheses%0A%2F%2F+-+%60if%60%2F%60else%60+conditionals+are+expressions%0A%2F%2F+-+Each+condition+is+followed+by+a+%60%7B%7D%60+block.%0A) - ["if1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+if1.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+bigger%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3Ai32%29+-%3E+i32+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+the+bigger+number%21%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+-+another+function+call%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+ten_is_bigger_than_eight%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2810%2C+bigger%2810%2C+8%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+fortytwo_is_bigger_than_thirtytwo%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2842%2C+bigger%2832%2C+42%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+It%27s+possible+to+do+this+in+one+line+if+you+would+like%21%0A%2F%2F+Some+similar+examples+from+other+languages%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+In+C%28%2B%2B%29+this+would+be%3A+%60a+%3E+b+%3F+a+%3A+b%60%0A%2F%2F+-+In+Python+this+would+be%3A++%60a+if+a+%3E+b+else+b%60%0A%2F%2F+Remember+in+Rust+that%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+the+%60if%60+condition+does+not+need+to+be+surrounded+by+parentheses%0A%2F%2F+-+%60if%60%2F%60else%60+conditionals+are+expressions%0A%2F%2F+-+Each+condition+is+followed+by+a+%60%7B%7D%60+block.%0A)
### Strings ### Strings
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/strings.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/strings.html)
- ["strings1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+answer+%3D+current_favorite_color%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22My+current+favorite+color+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+answer%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+current_favorite_color%28%29+-%3E+String+%7B%0A++++%22blue%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+%60current_favorite_color%60+function+is+currently+returning+a+string+slice+with+the+%60%27static%60%0A%2F%2F+lifetime.+We+know+this+because+the+data+of+the+string+lives+in+our+code+itself+--+it+doesn%27t%0A%2F%2F+come+from+a+file+or+user+input+or+another+program+--+so+it+will+live+as+long+as+our+program%0A%2F%2F+lives.+But+it+is+still+a+string+slice.+There%27s+one+way+to+create+a+%60String%60+by+converting+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+covered+in+the+Strings+chapter+of+the+book%2C+and+another+way+that+uses+the+%60From%60%0A%2F%2F+trait.%0A) - ["strings1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+answer+%3D+current_favorite_color%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22My+current+favorite+color+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+answer%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+current_favorite_color%28%29+-%3E+String+%7B%0A++++%22blue%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+%60current_favorite_color%60+function+is+currently+returning+a+string+slice+with+the+%60%27static%60%0A%2F%2F+lifetime.+We+know+this+because+the+data+of+the+string+lives+in+our+code+itself+--+it+doesn%27t%0A%2F%2F+come+from+a+file+or+user+input+or+another+program+--+so+it+will+live+as+long+as+our+program%0A%2F%2F+lives.+But+it+is+still+a+string+slice.+There%27s+one+way+to+create+a+%60String%60+by+converting+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+covered+in+the+Strings+chapter+of+the+book%2C+and+another+way+that+uses+the+%60From%60%0A%2F%2F+trait.%0A)
- ["strings2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+word+%3D+String%3A%3Afrom%28%22green%22%29%3B+%2F%2F+Try+not+changing+this+line+%3A%29%0A++++if+is_a_color_word%28word%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+a+color+word+I+know%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+not+a+color+word+I+know.%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+is_a_color_word%28attempt%3A+%26str%29+-%3E+bool+%7B%0A++++attempt+%3D%3D+%22green%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22blue%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22red%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Yes%2C+it+would+be+really+easy+to+fix+this+by+just+changing+the+value+bound+to+%60word%60+to+be+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+instead+of+a+%60String%60%2C+wouldn%27t+it%3F%3F+There+is+a+way+to+add+one+character+to+line%0A%2F%2F+5%2C+though%2C+that+will+coerce+the+%60String%60+into+a+string+slice.%0A) - ["strings2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+word+%3D+String%3A%3Afrom%28%22green%22%29%3B+%2F%2F+Try+not+changing+this+line+%3A%29%0A++++if+is_a_color_word%28word%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+a+color+word+I+know%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+not+a+color+word+I+know.%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+is_a_color_word%28attempt%3A+%26str%29+-%3E+bool+%7B%0A++++attempt+%3D%3D+%22green%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22blue%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22red%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Yes%2C+it+would+be+really+easy+to+fix+this+by+just+changing+the+value+bound+to+%60word%60+to+be+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+instead+of+a+%60String%60%2C+wouldn%27t+it%3F%3F+There+is+a+way+to+add+one+character+to+line%0A%2F%2F+5%2C+though%2C+that+will+coerce+the+%60String%60+into+a+string+slice.%0A)
@ -75,13 +87,17 @@ following exercises will ask you to make tests pass!
### Move semantics ### Move semantics
These exercises are adapted from [pnkfelix]()'s [Rust Tutorial](https://pnkfelix.github.io/rust-examples-icfp2014/) -- thank you Felix!!! These exercises are adapted from [pnkfelix]()'s [Rust
Tutorial](https://pnkfelix.github.io/rust-examples-icfp2014/) -- thank you Felix!!!
Relevant chapters in the book: Relevant chapters in the book:
- [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/ownership.html)
- [References and borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/references-and-borrowing.html)
Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they are subtly different :) - [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/ownership.html)
- [References and
borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/references-and-borrowing.html)
Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they are subtly
different :)
- ["move_semantics1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+you%27ve+got+the+%22cannot+borrow+immutable+local+variable+%60vec1%60+as+mutable%22+error+on+line+10%2C%0A%2F%2F+right%3F+The+fix+for+this+is+going+to+be+adding+one+keyword%2C+and+the+addition+is+NOT+on+line+10%0A%2F%2F+where+the+error+is.%0A) - ["move_semantics1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+you%27ve+got+the+%22cannot+borrow+immutable+local+variable+%60vec1%60+as+mutable%22+error+on+line+10%2C%0A%2F%2F+right%3F+The+fix+for+this+is+going+to+be+adding+one+keyword%2C+and+the+addition+is+NOT+on+line+10%0A%2F%2F+where+the+error+is.%0A)
- ["move_semantics2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+line+9%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+mut+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+change+the+following+line%21%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec0%22%2C+vec0.len%28%29%2C+vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+%60vec0%60+is+being+*moved*+into+the+function+%60fill_vec%60+when+we+call+it+on%0A%2F%2F+line+6%2C+which+means+it+gets+dropped+at+the+end+of+%60fill_vec%60%2C+which+means+we%0A%2F%2F+can%27t+use+%60vec0%60+again+on+line+9+%28or+anywhere+else+in+%60main%60+after+the%0A%2F%2F+%60fill_vec%60+call+for+that+matter%29.+We+could+fix+this+in+a+few+ways%2C+try+them%0A%2F%2F+all%21%0A%2F%2F+1.+Make+another%2C+separate+version+of+the+data+that%27s+in+%60vec0%60+and+pass+that%0A%2F%2F+to+%60fill_vec%60+instead.%0A%2F%2F+2.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+borrow+its+argument+instead+of+taking+ownership+of+it%2C%0A%2F%2F+and+then+copy+the+data+within+the+function+in+order+to+return+an+owned%0A%2F%2F+%60Vec%3Ci32%3E%60%0A%2F%2F+3.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+*mutably*+borrow+its+argument+%28which+will+need+to+be%0A%2F%2F+mutable%29%2C+modify+it+directly%2C+then+not+return+anything.+Then+you+can+get+rid%0A%2F%2F+of+%60vec1%60+entirely+--+note+that+this+will+change+what+gets+printed+by+the%0A%2F%2F+first+%60println%21%60%0A) - ["move_semantics2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+line+9%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+mut+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+change+the+following+line%21%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec0%22%2C+vec0.len%28%29%2C+vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+%60vec0%60+is+being+*moved*+into+the+function+%60fill_vec%60+when+we+call+it+on%0A%2F%2F+line+6%2C+which+means+it+gets+dropped+at+the+end+of+%60fill_vec%60%2C+which+means+we%0A%2F%2F+can%27t+use+%60vec0%60+again+on+line+9+%28or+anywhere+else+in+%60main%60+after+the%0A%2F%2F+%60fill_vec%60+call+for+that+matter%29.+We+could+fix+this+in+a+few+ways%2C+try+them%0A%2F%2F+all%21%0A%2F%2F+1.+Make+another%2C+separate+version+of+the+data+that%27s+in+%60vec0%60+and+pass+that%0A%2F%2F+to+%60fill_vec%60+instead.%0A%2F%2F+2.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+borrow+its+argument+instead+of+taking+ownership+of+it%2C%0A%2F%2F+and+then+copy+the+data+within+the+function+in+order+to+return+an+owned%0A%2F%2F+%60Vec%3Ci32%3E%60%0A%2F%2F+3.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+*mutably*+borrow+its+argument+%28which+will+need+to+be%0A%2F%2F+mutable%29%2C+modify+it+directly%2C+then+not+return+anything.+Then+you+can+get+rid%0A%2F%2F+of+%60vec1%60+entirely+--+note+that+this+will+change+what+gets+printed+by+the%0A%2F%2F+first+%60println%21%60%0A)
@ -90,14 +106,16 @@ Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they
### Modules ### Modules
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/crates-and-modules.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/crates-and-modules.html)
- ["modules1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+sausage_factory+%7B%0A++++fn+make_sausage%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22sausage%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++sausage_factory%3A%3Amake_sausage%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Everything+is+private+in+Rust+by+default--+but+there%27s+a+keyword+we+can+use%0A%2F%2F+to+make+something+public%21+The+compiler+error+should+point+to+the+thing+that%0A%2F%2F+needs+to+be+public.%0A) - ["modules1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+sausage_factory+%7B%0A++++fn+make_sausage%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22sausage%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++sausage_factory%3A%3Amake_sausage%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Everything+is+private+in+Rust+by+default--+but+there%27s+a+keyword+we+can+use%0A%2F%2F+to+make+something+public%21+The+compiler+error+should+point+to+the+thing+that%0A%2F%2F+needs+to+be+public.%0A)
- ["modules2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+us_presidential_frontrunners+%7B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Ademocrats%3A%3AHILLARY_CLINTON+as+democrat%3B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Arepublicans%3A%3ADONALD_TRUMP+as+republican%3B%0A%0A++++mod+democrats+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+HILLARY_CLINTON%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Hillary+Clinton%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+BERNIE_SANDERS%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Bernie+Sanders%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++mod+republicans+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+DONALD_TRUMP%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Donald+Trump%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+JEB_BUSH%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Jeb+Bush%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++println%21%28%22candidates%3A+%7B%7D+and+%7B%7D%22%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Arepublican%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+us_presidential_frontrunners+module+is+trying+to+present+an+external%0A%2F%2F+interface+%28the+%60democrat%60+and+%60republican%60+constants%29+that+is+different+than%0A%2F%2F+its+internal+structure+%28the+%60democrats%60+and+%60republicans%60+modules+and%0A%2F%2F+associated+constants%29.+It%27s+almost+there+except+for+one+keyword+missing+for%0A%2F%2F+each+constant.%0A%2F%2F+One+more+hint%3A+I+wish+the+compiler+error%2C+instead+of+saying+%22unresolved+name%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60%22%2C+could+say++%22constant%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60+is+private%22%21) - ["modules2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+us_presidential_frontrunners+%7B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Ademocrats%3A%3AHILLARY_CLINTON+as+democrat%3B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Arepublicans%3A%3ADONALD_TRUMP+as+republican%3B%0A%0A++++mod+democrats+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+HILLARY_CLINTON%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Hillary+Clinton%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+BERNIE_SANDERS%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Bernie+Sanders%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++mod+republicans+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+DONALD_TRUMP%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Donald+Trump%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+JEB_BUSH%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Jeb+Bush%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++println%21%28%22candidates%3A+%7B%7D+and+%7B%7D%22%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Arepublican%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+us_presidential_frontrunners+module+is+trying+to+present+an+external%0A%2F%2F+interface+%28the+%60democrat%60+and+%60republican%60+constants%29+that+is+different+than%0A%2F%2F+its+internal+structure+%28the+%60democrats%60+and+%60republicans%60+modules+and%0A%2F%2F+associated+constants%29.+It%27s+almost+there+except+for+one+keyword+missing+for%0A%2F%2F+each+constant.%0A%2F%2F+One+more+hint%3A+I+wish+the+compiler+error%2C+instead+of+saying+%22unresolved+name%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60%22%2C+could+say++%22constant%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60+is+private%22%21)
### Macros ### Macros
[Check out the Macros section of the book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/first-edition/macros.html). [Check out the Macros section of the
book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/first-edition/macros.html).
- ["macros1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+When+you+call+a+macro%2C+you+need+to+add+something+special+compared+to+a%0A%2F%2F+regular+function+call.+If+you%27re+stuck%2C+take+a+look+at+what%27s+inside%0A%2F%2F+%60my_macro%60.%0A) - ["macros1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+When+you+call+a+macro%2C+you+need+to+add+something+special+compared+to+a%0A%2F%2F+regular+function+call.+If+you%27re+stuck%2C+take+a+look+at+what%27s+inside%0A%2F%2F+%60my_macro%60.%0A)
- ["macros2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%21%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Macros+don%27t+quite+play+by+the+same+rules+as+the+rest+of+Rust%2C+in+terms+of%0A%2F%2F+what%27s+available+where.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Unlike+other+things+in+Rust%2C+the+order+of+%22where+you+define+a+macro%22+versus%0A%2F%2F+%22where+you+use+it%22+actually+matters.%0A) - ["macros2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%21%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Macros+don%27t+quite+play+by+the+same+rules+as+the+rest+of+Rust%2C+in+terms+of%0A%2F%2F+what%27s+available+where.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Unlike+other+things+in+Rust%2C+the+order+of+%22where+you+define+a+macro%22+versus%0A%2F%2F+%22where+you+use+it%22+actually+matters.%0A)
@ -106,7 +124,8 @@ Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they
### Error Handling ### Error Handling
The [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/error-handling.html) and [Generics](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/generics.html) sections are relevant. The [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/error-handling.html) and
[Generics](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/generics.html) sections are relevant.
- ["option1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+option1.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+example+panics+because+the+second+time+it+calls+%60pop%60%2C+the+%60vec%60%0A%2F%2F+is+empty%2C+so+%60pop%60+returns+%60None%60%2C+and+%60unwrap%60+panics+if+it%27s+called%0A%2F%2F+on+%60None%60.+Handle+this+in+a+more+graceful+way+than+calling+%60unwrap%60%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+mut+list+%3D+vec%21%5B3%5D%3B%0A%0A++++let+last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+last%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+second_to_last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+second-to-last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+second_to_last%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Try+using+a+%60match%60+statement+where+the+arms+are+%60Some%28thing%29%60+and+%60None%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+set+a+default+value+to+print+out+if+you+get+%60None%60+by+using+the%0A%2F%2F+function+%60unwrap_or%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+use+an+%60if+let%60+statement+on+the+result+of+%60pop%28%29%60+to+both+destructure%0A%2F%2F+a+%60Some%60+value+and+only+print+out+something+if+we+have+a+value%21%0A) - ["option1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+option1.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+example+panics+because+the+second+time+it+calls+%60pop%60%2C+the+%60vec%60%0A%2F%2F+is+empty%2C+so+%60pop%60+returns+%60None%60%2C+and+%60unwrap%60+panics+if+it%27s+called%0A%2F%2F+on+%60None%60.+Handle+this+in+a+more+graceful+way+than+calling+%60unwrap%60%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+mut+list+%3D+vec%21%5B3%5D%3B%0A%0A++++let+last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+last%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+second_to_last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+second-to-last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+second_to_last%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Try+using+a+%60match%60+statement+where+the+arms+are+%60Some%28thing%29%60+and+%60None%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+set+a+default+value+to+print+out+if+you+get+%60None%60+by+using+the%0A%2F%2F+function+%60unwrap_or%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+use+an+%60if+let%60+statement+on+the+result+of+%60pop%28%29%60+to+both+destructure%0A%2F%2F+a+%60Some%60+value+and+only+print+out+something+if+we+have+a+value%21%0A)
- ["result1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+result1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+test+pass%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Astruct+PositiveNonzeroInteger%28u64%29%3B%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Aenum+CreationError+%7B%0A++++Negative%2C%0A++++Zero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Aimpl+PositiveNonzeroInteger+%7B%0A++++fn+new%28value%3A+i64%29+-%3E+Result%3CPositiveNonzeroInteger%2C+CreationError%3E+%7B%0A++++++++Ok%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%28value+as+u64%29%29%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Btest%5D%0Afn+test_creation%28%29+%7B%0A++++assert%21%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%2810%29.is_ok%28%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3ANegative%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%28-10%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3AZero%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%280%29%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%60+is+always+creating+a+new+instance+and+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result.%0A%2F%2F+It+should+be+doing+some+checking%2C+returning+an+%60Err%60+result+if+those+checks+fail%2C+and+only%0A%2F%2F+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result+if+those+checks+determine+that+everything+is...+okay+%3A%29%0A) - ["result1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+result1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+test+pass%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Astruct+PositiveNonzeroInteger%28u64%29%3B%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Aenum+CreationError+%7B%0A++++Negative%2C%0A++++Zero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Aimpl+PositiveNonzeroInteger+%7B%0A++++fn+new%28value%3A+i64%29+-%3E+Result%3CPositiveNonzeroInteger%2C+CreationError%3E+%7B%0A++++++++Ok%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%28value+as+u64%29%29%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Btest%5D%0Afn+test_creation%28%29+%7B%0A++++assert%21%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%2810%29.is_ok%28%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3ANegative%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%28-10%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3AZero%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%280%29%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%60+is+always+creating+a+new+instance+and+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result.%0A%2F%2F+It+should+be+doing+some+checking%2C+returning+an+%60Err%60+result+if+those+checks+fail%2C+and+only%0A%2F%2F+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result+if+those+checks+determine+that+everything+is...+okay+%3A%29%0A)
@ -119,23 +138,30 @@ The [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/error-h
#### `Arc` #### `Arc`
The [Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) section is relevant. The [Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) section is
relevant.
- ["arc1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+arc1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+code+compile+by+filling+in+a+value+for+%60shared_numbers%60+where+the%0A%2F%2F+TODO+comment+is+and+creating+an+initial+binding+for+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+somewhere.+Try+not+to+create+any+copies+of+the+%60numbers%60+Vec%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+numbers%3A+Vec%3C_%3E+%3D+%280..100u32%29.collect%28%29%3B%0A++++let+shared_numbers+%3D+%2F%2F+TODO%0A++++let+mut+joinhandles+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++for+offset+in+0..8+%7B%0A++++++++joinhandles.push%28%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+i+%3D+offset%3B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+sum+%3D+0%3B%0A++++++++++++while+i+%3C+child_numbers.len%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++++++++++sum+%2B%3D+child_numbers%5Bi%5D%3B%0A++++++++++++++++i+%2B%3D+5%3B%0A++++++++++++%7D%0A++++++++++++println%21%28%22Sum+of+offset+%7B%7D+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+offset%2C+sum%29%3B%0A++++++++%7D%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++for+handle+in+joinhandles.into_iter%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++handle.join%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+%60shared_numbers%60+be+an+%60Arc%60+from+the+numbers+vector.+Then%2C+in+order%0A%2F%2F+to+avoid+creating+a+copy+of+%60numbers%60%2C+you%27ll+need+to+create+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+inside+the+loop+but+still+in+the+main+thread.%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60child_numbers%60+should+be+a+clone+of+the+Arc+of+the+numbers+instead+of+a%0A%2F%2F+thread-local+copy+of+the+numbers.%0A) - ["arc1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+arc1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+code+compile+by+filling+in+a+value+for+%60shared_numbers%60+where+the%0A%2F%2F+TODO+comment+is+and+creating+an+initial+binding+for+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+somewhere.+Try+not+to+create+any+copies+of+the+%60numbers%60+Vec%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+numbers%3A+Vec%3C_%3E+%3D+%280..100u32%29.collect%28%29%3B%0A++++let+shared_numbers+%3D+%2F%2F+TODO%0A++++let+mut+joinhandles+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++for+offset+in+0..8+%7B%0A++++++++joinhandles.push%28%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+i+%3D+offset%3B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+sum+%3D+0%3B%0A++++++++++++while+i+%3C+child_numbers.len%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++++++++++sum+%2B%3D+child_numbers%5Bi%5D%3B%0A++++++++++++++++i+%2B%3D+5%3B%0A++++++++++++%7D%0A++++++++++++println%21%28%22Sum+of+offset+%7B%7D+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+offset%2C+sum%29%3B%0A++++++++%7D%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++for+handle+in+joinhandles.into_iter%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++handle.join%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+%60shared_numbers%60+be+an+%60Arc%60+from+the+numbers+vector.+Then%2C+in+order%0A%2F%2F+to+avoid+creating+a+copy+of+%60numbers%60%2C+you%27ll+need+to+create+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+inside+the+loop+but+still+in+the+main+thread.%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60child_numbers%60+should+be+a+clone+of+the+Arc+of+the+numbers+instead+of+a%0A%2F%2F+thread-local+copy+of+the+numbers.%0A)
#### Iterators #### Iterators
Do not adjust your monitors-- iterators 1 and 2 are indeed missing. Iterator 3 is a bit challenging so we're leaving space for some exercises to lead up to it! Do not adjust your monitors-- iterators 1 and 2 are indeed missing. Iterator 3 is a bit challenging
so we're leaving space for some exercises to lead up to it!
Check out the [Iterators chapter of the book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/iterators.html) and the [Iterator docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html). Check out the [Iterators chapter of the
book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/iterators.html) and the [Iterator
docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html).
- ["iterator3.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterator3.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+is+a+bigger+exercise+than+most+of+the+others%21+You+can+do+it%21%0A%2F%2F+Here+is+your+mission%2C+should+you+choose+to+accept+it%3A%0A%2F%2F+1.+Complete+the+divide+function+to+get+the+first+four+tests+to+pass%0A%2F%2F+2.+Uncomment+the+last+two+tests+and+get+them+to+pass+by+filling+in%0A%2F%2F++++values+for+%60x%60+using+%60division_results%60.%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+a+minor+hint+for+part+2%2C+and+scroll+down+further+for%0A%2F%2F+a+major+hint.%0A%2F%2F+Have+fun+%3A-%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+enum+DivisionError+%7B%0A++++NotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%29%2C%0A++++DivideByZero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+struct+NotDivisibleError+%7B%0A++++dividend%3A+i32%2C%0A++++divisor%3A+i32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+function+should+calculate+%60a%60+divided+by+%60b%60+if+%60a%60+is%0A%2F%2F+evenly+divisible+by+b.%0A%2F%2F+Otherwise%2C+it+should+return+a+suitable+error.%0Apub+fn+divide%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3A+i32%29+-%3E+Result%3Ci32%2C+DivisionError%3E+%7B%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Tests+that+verify+your+%60divide%60+function+implementation%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_success%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+9%29%2C+Ok%289%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_not_divisible%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%0A++++++++++++divide%2881%2C+6%29%2C%0A++++++++++++Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ANotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%7B%0A++++++++++++++++dividend%3A+81%2C%0A++++++++++++++++divisor%3A+6%0A++++++++++++%7D%29%29%0A++++++++%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_by_0%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+0%29%2C+Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ADivideByZero%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_0_by_something%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%280%2C+81%29%2C+Ok%280%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Iterator+exercises+using+your+%60divide%60+function%0A++++%2F*%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+result_with_list%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22Ok%28%5B1%2C+11%2C+1426%2C+3%5D%29%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+list_of_results%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22%5BOk%281%29%2C+Ok%2811%29%2C+Ok%281426%29%2C+Ok%283%29%5D%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++*%2F%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Minor+hint%3A+In+each+of+the+two+cases+in+the+match+in+main%2C+you+can+create+x+with+either+a+%27turbofish%27+or+by+hinting+the+type+of+x+to+the+compiler.+You+may+try+both.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Major+hint%3A+Have+a+look+at+the+Iter+trait+and+at+the+explanation+of+its+collect+function.+Especially+the+part+about+Result+is+interesting.%0A) - ["iterator3.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterator3.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+is+a+bigger+exercise+than+most+of+the+others%21+You+can+do+it%21%0A%2F%2F+Here+is+your+mission%2C+should+you+choose+to+accept+it%3A%0A%2F%2F+1.+Complete+the+divide+function+to+get+the+first+four+tests+to+pass%0A%2F%2F+2.+Uncomment+the+last+two+tests+and+get+them+to+pass+by+filling+in%0A%2F%2F++++values+for+%60x%60+using+%60division_results%60.%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+a+minor+hint+for+part+2%2C+and+scroll+down+further+for%0A%2F%2F+a+major+hint.%0A%2F%2F+Have+fun+%3A-%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+enum+DivisionError+%7B%0A++++NotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%29%2C%0A++++DivideByZero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+struct+NotDivisibleError+%7B%0A++++dividend%3A+i32%2C%0A++++divisor%3A+i32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+function+should+calculate+%60a%60+divided+by+%60b%60+if+%60a%60+is%0A%2F%2F+evenly+divisible+by+b.%0A%2F%2F+Otherwise%2C+it+should+return+a+suitable+error.%0Apub+fn+divide%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3A+i32%29+-%3E+Result%3Ci32%2C+DivisionError%3E+%7B%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Tests+that+verify+your+%60divide%60+function+implementation%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_success%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+9%29%2C+Ok%289%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_not_divisible%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%0A++++++++++++divide%2881%2C+6%29%2C%0A++++++++++++Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ANotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%7B%0A++++++++++++++++dividend%3A+81%2C%0A++++++++++++++++divisor%3A+6%0A++++++++++++%7D%29%29%0A++++++++%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_by_0%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+0%29%2C+Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ADivideByZero%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_0_by_something%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%280%2C+81%29%2C+Ok%280%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Iterator+exercises+using+your+%60divide%60+function%0A++++%2F*%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+result_with_list%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22Ok%28%5B1%2C+11%2C+1426%2C+3%5D%29%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+list_of_results%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22%5BOk%281%29%2C+Ok%2811%29%2C+Ok%281426%29%2C+Ok%283%29%5D%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++*%2F%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Minor+hint%3A+In+each+of+the+two+cases+in+the+match+in+main%2C+you+can+create+x+with+either+a+%27turbofish%27+or+by+hinting+the+type+of+x+to+the+compiler.+You+may+try+both.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Major+hint%3A+Have+a+look+at+the+Iter+trait+and+at+the+explanation+of+its+collect+function.+Especially+the+part+about+Result+is+interesting.%0A)
- ["iterators4.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterators4.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+factorial%28num%3A+u64%29+-%3E+u64+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+factorial+of+num%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+For+extra+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+imperative+style+loops+%28for%2C+while%29%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+For+the+most+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+recursion%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_1%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%281%2C+factorial%281%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_2%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%282%2C+factorial%282%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_4%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2824%2C+factorial%284%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+In+an+imperative+language+you+might+write+a+for+loop+to+iterate+through%0A%2F%2F+multiply+the+values+into+a+mutable+variable.+Or+you+might+write+code+more%0A%2F%2F+functionally+with+recursion+and+a+match+clause.+But+you+can+also+use+ranges%0A%2F%2F+and+iterators+to+solve+this+in+rust.%0A) - ["iterators4.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterators4.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+factorial%28num%3A+u64%29+-%3E+u64+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+factorial+of+num%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+For+extra+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+imperative+style+loops+%28for%2C+while%29%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+For+the+most+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+recursion%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_1%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%281%2C+factorial%281%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_2%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%282%2C+factorial%282%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_4%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2824%2C+factorial%284%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+In+an+imperative+language+you+might+write+a+for+loop+to+iterate+through%0A%2F%2F+multiply+the+values+into+a+mutable+variable.+Or+you+might+write+code+more%0A%2F%2F+functionally+with+recursion+and+a+match+clause.+But+you+can+also+use+ranges%0A%2F%2F+and+iterators+to+solve+this+in+rust.%0A)
### Threads ### Threads
See [the Dining Philosophers example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/first-edition/dining-philosophers.html) and the [Concurrency Chapter](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) from the book. See [the Dining Philosophers
example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/first-edition/dining-philosophers.html) and the
[Concurrency Chapter](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) from
the book.
- ["threads1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+threads1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29+The+idea+is+the+thread%0A%2F%2F+spawned+on+line+17+is+completing+jobs+while+the+main+thread+is%0A%2F%2F+monitoring+progress+until+10+jobs+are+completed.+If+you+see+6+lines%0A%2F%2F+of+%22waiting...%22+and+the+program+ends+without+timing+out+the+playground%2C%0A%2F%2F+you%27ve+got+it+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Atime%3A%3ADuration%3B%0A%0Astruct+JobStatus+%7B%0A++++jobs_completed%3A+u32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%3B%0A++++let+status_shared+%3D+status.clone%28%29%3B%0A++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++for+_+in+0..10+%7B%0A++++++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28250%29%29%3B%0A++++++++++++status_shared.jobs_completed+%2B%3D+1%3B%0A++++++++%7D%0A++++%7D%29%3B%0A++++while+status.jobs_completed+%3C+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22waiting...+%22%29%3B%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28500%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60Arc%60+is+an+Atomic+Reference+Counted+pointer+that+allows+safe%2C+shared+access%0A%2F%2F+to+**immutable**+data.+But+we+want+to+*change*+the+number+of+%60jobs_completed%60%0A%2F%2F+so+we%27ll+need+to+also+use+another+type+that+will+only+allow+one+thread+to%0A%2F%2F+mutate+the+data+at+a+time.+Take+a+look+at+this+section+of+the+book%3A%0A%2F%2F+https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstable%2Fbook%2Fconcurrency.html%23safe-shared-mutable-state%0A%2F%2F+and+keep+scrolling+if+you%27d+like+more+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Do+you+now+have+an+%60Arc%60+%60Mutex%60+%60JobStatus%60+at+the+beginning+of+main%3F+Like%3A%0A%2F%2F+%60let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28Mutex%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%29%3B%60%0A%2F%2F+Similar+to+the+code+in+the+example+in+the+book+that+happens+after+the+text%0A%2F%2F+that+says+%22We+can+use+Arc%3CT%3E+to+fix+this.%22.+If+not%2C+give+that+a+try%21+If+you%0A%2F%2F+do+and+would+like+more+hints%2C+keep+scrolling%21%21%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+sure+neither+of+your+threads+are+holding+onto+the+lock+of+the+mutex%0A%2F%2F+while+they+are+sleeping%2C+since+this+will+prevent+the+other+thread+from%0A%2F%2F+being+allowed+to+get+the+lock.+Locks+are+automatically+released+when%0A%2F%2F+they+go+out+of+scope.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Ok%2C+so%2C+real+talk%2C+this+was+actually+tricky+for+*me*+to+do+too.+And%0A%2F%2F+I+could+see+a+lot+of+different+problems+you+might+run+into%2C+so+at+this%0A%2F%2F+point+I%27m+not+sure+which+one+you%27ve+hit+%3A%29+Please+see+a+few+possible%0A%2F%2F+answers+on+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fcarols10cents%2Frustlings%2Fissues%2F3+--%0A%2F%2F+mine+is+a+little+more+complicated+because+I+decided+I+wanted+to+see%0A%2F%2F+the+number+of+jobs+currently+done+when+I+was+checking+the+status.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Please+open+an+issue+if+you%27re+still+running+into+a+problem+that%0A%2F%2F+these+hints+are+not+helping+you+with%2C+or+if+you%27ve+looked+at+the+sample%0A%2F%2F+answers+and+don%27t+understand+why+they+work+and+yours+doesn%27t.%0A%0A%2F%2F+If+you%27ve+learned+from+the+sample+solutions%2C+I+encourage+you+to+come%0A%2F%2F+back+to+this+exercise+and+try+it+again+in+a+few+days+to+reinforce%0A%2F%2F+what+you%27ve+learned+%3A%29%0A) - ["threads1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+threads1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29+The+idea+is+the+thread%0A%2F%2F+spawned+on+line+17+is+completing+jobs+while+the+main+thread+is%0A%2F%2F+monitoring+progress+until+10+jobs+are+completed.+If+you+see+6+lines%0A%2F%2F+of+%22waiting...%22+and+the+program+ends+without+timing+out+the+playground%2C%0A%2F%2F+you%27ve+got+it+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Atime%3A%3ADuration%3B%0A%0Astruct+JobStatus+%7B%0A++++jobs_completed%3A+u32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%3B%0A++++let+status_shared+%3D+status.clone%28%29%3B%0A++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++for+_+in+0..10+%7B%0A++++++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28250%29%29%3B%0A++++++++++++status_shared.jobs_completed+%2B%3D+1%3B%0A++++++++%7D%0A++++%7D%29%3B%0A++++while+status.jobs_completed+%3C+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22waiting...+%22%29%3B%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28500%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60Arc%60+is+an+Atomic+Reference+Counted+pointer+that+allows+safe%2C+shared+access%0A%2F%2F+to+**immutable**+data.+But+we+want+to+*change*+the+number+of+%60jobs_completed%60%0A%2F%2F+so+we%27ll+need+to+also+use+another+type+that+will+only+allow+one+thread+to%0A%2F%2F+mutate+the+data+at+a+time.+Take+a+look+at+this+section+of+the+book%3A%0A%2F%2F+https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstable%2Fbook%2Fconcurrency.html%23safe-shared-mutable-state%0A%2F%2F+and+keep+scrolling+if+you%27d+like+more+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Do+you+now+have+an+%60Arc%60+%60Mutex%60+%60JobStatus%60+at+the+beginning+of+main%3F+Like%3A%0A%2F%2F+%60let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28Mutex%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%29%3B%60%0A%2F%2F+Similar+to+the+code+in+the+example+in+the+book+that+happens+after+the+text%0A%2F%2F+that+says+%22We+can+use+Arc%3CT%3E+to+fix+this.%22.+If+not%2C+give+that+a+try%21+If+you%0A%2F%2F+do+and+would+like+more+hints%2C+keep+scrolling%21%21%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+sure+neither+of+your+threads+are+holding+onto+the+lock+of+the+mutex%0A%2F%2F+while+they+are+sleeping%2C+since+this+will+prevent+the+other+thread+from%0A%2F%2F+being+allowed+to+get+the+lock.+Locks+are+automatically+released+when%0A%2F%2F+they+go+out+of+scope.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Ok%2C+so%2C+real+talk%2C+this+was+actually+tricky+for+*me*+to+do+too.+And%0A%2F%2F+I+could+see+a+lot+of+different+problems+you+might+run+into%2C+so+at+this%0A%2F%2F+point+I%27m+not+sure+which+one+you%27ve+hit+%3A%29+Please+see+a+few+possible%0A%2F%2F+answers+on+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fcarols10cents%2Frustlings%2Fissues%2F3+--%0A%2F%2F+mine+is+a+little+more+complicated+because+I+decided+I+wanted+to+see%0A%2F%2F+the+number+of+jobs+currently+done+when+I+was+checking+the+status.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Please+open+an+issue+if+you%27re+still+running+into+a+problem+that%0A%2F%2F+these+hints+are+not+helping+you+with%2C+or+if+you%27ve+looked+at+the+sample%0A%2F%2F+answers+and+don%27t+understand+why+they+work+and+yours+doesn%27t.%0A%0A%2F%2F+If+you%27ve+learned+from+the+sample+solutions%2C+I+encourage+you+to+come%0A%2F%2F+back+to+this+exercise+and+try+it+again+in+a+few+days+to+reinforce%0A%2F%2F+what+you%27ve+learned+%3A%29%0A)
@ -152,5 +178,8 @@ A few exercises based on things I've encountered or had trouble with getting use
## To help with this repo/TODO list ## To help with this repo/TODO list
* File issues for problems or suggestions! * File issues for problems or suggestions!
* Contribute more exercises! Anything that took you time to get used to, or that you had trouble with, or that deserves practice would be a good exercise! * Contribute more exercises! Anything that took you time to get used to, or that you had trouble
* How could the process of doing these exercises work better? This is an open-ended question :) Are the playground links good enough? Are there ways that we could make going to the next exercise easier without forking the playground?? with, or that deserves practice would be a good exercise!
* How could the process of doing these exercises work better? This is an open-ended question :) Are
the playground links good enough? Are there ways that we could make going to the next exercise
easier without forking the playground??

77
README.md
View File

@ -6,22 +6,29 @@ order to make changes here rather than committing the changes directly.
# rustlings # rustlings
Small exercises to get you used to reading and writing Rust code. Includes practice reading and responding to Small exercises to get you used to reading and writing Rust code. Includes practice reading and
compiler messages! responding to compiler messages!
This repo is very much the smallest thing that could possibly work :) This repo is very much the smallest thing that could possibly work :)
## To do these exercises ## To do these exercises
Thanks to [btbytes'](https://twitter.com/btbytes) [prlinks](https://github.com/btbytes/prlink), you can now click on the links below to load the exercises in the rust playground! Thanks to [btbytes'](https://twitter.com/btbytes) [prlinks](https://github.com/btbytes/prlink), you
can now click on the links below to load the exercises in the rust playground!
There are infinite correct answers-- the exercises are sometimes left very open-ended. Scroll down in the playground to find comments that have hints. There are infinite correct answers-- the exercises are sometimes left very open-ended. Scroll down
in the playground to find comments that have hints.
If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-beginners on irc.mozilla.org](https://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust-beginners ), the [user forum](https://users.rust-lang.org/), or [the subreddit](https://reddit.com/r/rust). If an exercise could be improved in any way, please [create an issue](https://github.com/carols10cents/rustlings/issues/new) or submit a pull request! If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-beginners on
irc.mozilla.org](https://chat.mibbit.com/?server=irc.mozilla.org&channel=%23rust-beginners ), the
[user forum](https://users.rust-lang.org/), or [the subreddit](https://reddit.com/r/rust). If an
exercise could be improved in any way, please [create an
issue](https://github.com/carols10cents/rustlings/issues/new) or submit a pull request!
### Variable bindings ### Variable bindings
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/variable-bindings.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/variable-bindings.html)
- ["variables1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++x+%3D+5%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22x+has+the+value+%7B%7D%22%2C+x%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Hint%3A+The+declaration+on+line+4+is+missing+a+keyword+that+is+needed+in+Rust%0A%2F%2F+to+create+a+new+variable+binding.%0A) - ["variables1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++x+%3D+5%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22x+has+the+value+%7B%7D%22%2C+x%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Hint%3A+The+declaration+on+line+4+is+missing+a+keyword+that+is+needed+in+Rust%0A%2F%2F+to+create+a+new+variable+binding.%0A)
- ["variables2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+x%3B%0A++++if+x+%3D%3D+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Not+ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+compiler+message+is+saying+that+Rust+cannot+infer+the+type+that+the%0A%2F%2F+variable+binding+%60x%60+has+with+what+is+given+here.%0A%2F%2F+What+happens+if+you+annotate+line+4+with+a+type+annotation%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+give+x+a+value%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+do+both%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+type+should+x+be%2C+anyway%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+x+is+the+same+type+as+10%3F+What+if+it%27s+a+different+type%3F%0A) - ["variables2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+variables2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+x%3B%0A++++if+x+%3D%3D+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Not+ten%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+compiler+message+is+saying+that+Rust+cannot+infer+the+type+that+the%0A%2F%2F+variable+binding+%60x%60+has+with+what+is+given+here.%0A%2F%2F+What+happens+if+you+annotate+line+4+with+a+type+annotation%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+give+x+a+value%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+you+do+both%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+type+should+x+be%2C+anyway%3F%0A%2F%2F+What+if+x+is+the+same+type+as+10%3F+What+if+it%27s+a+different+type%3F%0A)
@ -30,7 +37,8 @@ If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-
### Functions ### Functions
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/functions.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/functions.html)
- ["functions1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+main+function+is+calling+a+function+that+it+expects+to+exist%2C+but+the%0A%2F%2F+function+doesn%27t+exist.+It+expects+this+function+to+have+the+name+%60call_me%60.%0A%2F%2F+It+expects+this+function+to+not+take+any+arguments+and+not+return+a+value.%0A%2F%2F+Sounds+a+lot+like+%60main%60%2C+doesn%27t+it%3F%0A) - ["functions1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+main+function+is+calling+a+function+that+it+expects+to+exist%2C+but+the%0A%2F%2F+function+doesn%27t+exist.+It+expects+this+function+to+have+the+name+%60call_me%60.%0A%2F%2F+It+expects+this+function+to+not+take+any+arguments+and+not+return+a+value.%0A%2F%2F+Sounds+a+lot+like+%60main%60%2C+doesn%27t+it%3F%0A)
- ["functions2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%283%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+call_me%28num%29+%7B%0A++++for+i+in+0..num+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ring%21+Call+number+%7B%7D%22%2C+i+%2B+1%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Rust+requires+that+all+parts+of+a+function%27s+signature+have+type+annotations%2C%0A%2F%2F+but+%60call_me%60+is+missing+the+type+annotation+of+%60num%60.%0A) - ["functions2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+functions2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++call_me%283%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+call_me%28num%29+%7B%0A++++for+i+in+0..num+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Ring%21+Call+number+%7B%7D%22%2C+i+%2B+1%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Rust+requires+that+all+parts+of+a+function%27s+signature+have+type+annotations%2C%0A%2F%2F+but+%60call_me%60+is+missing+the+type+annotation+of+%60num%60.%0A)
@ -40,7 +48,8 @@ If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-
### Primitive types ### Primitive types
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/primitive-types.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/primitive-types.html)
- ["primitive_types1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Booleans+%28%60bool%60%29%0A%0A++++let+is_morning+%3D+true%3B%0A++++if+is_morning+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+morning%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+the+rest+of+this+line+like+the+example%21+Or+make+it+be+false%21%0A++++if+is_evening+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+evening%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A) - ["primitive_types1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Booleans+%28%60bool%60%29%0A%0A++++let+is_morning+%3D+true%3B%0A++++if+is_morning+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+morning%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+the+rest+of+this+line+like+the+example%21+Or+make+it+be+false%21%0A++++if+is_evening+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Good+evening%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A)
- ["primitive_types2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Characters+%28%60char%60%29%0A%0A++++let+my_first_initial+%3D+%27C%27%3B%0A++++if+my_first_initial.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+my_first_initial.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+this+line+like+the+example%21+What%27s+your+favorite+character%3F%0A++++%2F%2F+Try+a+letter%2C+try+a+number%2C+try+a+special+character%2C+try+a+character%0A++++%2F%2F+from+a+different+language+than+your+own%2C+try+an+emoji%21%0A++++if+your_character.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+your_character.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A) - ["primitive_types2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+primitive_types2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Fill+in+the+rest+of+the+line+that+has+code+missing%21%0A%2F%2F+No+hints%2C+there%27s+no+tricks%2C+just+get+used+to+typing+these+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Characters+%28%60char%60%29%0A%0A++++let+my_first_initial+%3D+%27C%27%3B%0A++++if+my_first_initial.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+my_first_initial.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++let+%2F%2F+Finish+this+line+like+the+example%21+What%27s+your+favorite+character%3F%0A++++%2F%2F+Try+a+letter%2C+try+a+number%2C+try+a+special+character%2C+try+a+character%0A++++%2F%2F+from+a+different+language+than+your+own%2C+try+an+emoji%21%0A++++if+your_character.is_alphabetic%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Alphabetical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+if+your_character.is_numeric%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Numerical%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Neither+alphabetic+nor+numeric%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A)
@ -54,7 +63,8 @@ If you need more help or would like to compare solutions, you can ask in [#rust-
Going out of order from the Syntax and Semantics section of the book to cover tests-- many of the Going out of order from the Syntax and Semantics section of the book to cover tests-- many of the
following exercises will ask you to make tests pass! following exercises will ask you to make tests pass!
[Testing chapter from the Effective Rust section of the book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/testing.html) [Testing chapter from the Effective Rust section of the
book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/testing.html)
- ["tests1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Tests+are+important+to+ensure+that+your+code+does+what+you+think+it+should+do.%0A%2F%2F+Tests+can+be+run+on+this+file+with+the+following+command%3A%0A%2F%2F+rustc+--test+tests1.rs%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+You+don%27t+even+need+to+write+any+code+to+test+--+you+can+just+test+values+and+run+that%2C+even%0A%2F%2F+though+you+wouldn%27t+do+that+in+real+life+%3A%29+%60assert%21%60+is+a+macro+that+needs+an+argument.%0A%2F%2F+Depending+on+the+value+of+the+argument%2C+%60assert%21%60+will+do+nothing+%28in+which+case+the+test+will%0A%2F%2F+pass%29+or+%60assert%21%60+will+panic+%28in+which+case+the+test+will+fail%29.+So+try+giving+different+values%0A%2F%2F+to+%60assert%21%60+and+see+which+ones+compile%2C+which+ones+pass%2C+and+which+ones+fail+%3A%29%0A) - ["tests1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Tests+are+important+to+ensure+that+your+code+does+what+you+think+it+should+do.%0A%2F%2F+Tests+can+be+run+on+this+file+with+the+following+command%3A%0A%2F%2F+rustc+--test+tests1.rs%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+You+don%27t+even+need+to+write+any+code+to+test+--+you+can+just+test+values+and+run+that%2C+even%0A%2F%2F+though+you+wouldn%27t+do+that+in+real+life+%3A%29+%60assert%21%60+is+a+macro+that+needs+an+argument.%0A%2F%2F+Depending+on+the+value+of+the+argument%2C+%60assert%21%60+will+do+nothing+%28in+which+case+the+test+will%0A%2F%2F+pass%29+or+%60assert%21%60+will+panic+%28in+which+case+the+test+will+fail%29.+So+try+giving+different+values%0A%2F%2F+to+%60assert%21%60+and+see+which+ones+compile%2C+which+ones+pass%2C+and+which+ones+fail+%3A%29%0A)
- ["tests2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests2.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert_eq%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Like+the+previous+exercise%2C+you+don%27t+need+to+write+any+code+to+get+this+test+to+compile+and%0A%2F%2F+run.+%60assert_eq%21%60+is+a+macro+that+takes+two+arguments+and+compares+them.+Try+giving+it+two%0A%2F%2F+values+that+are+equal%21+Try+giving+it+two+arguments+that+are+different%21+Try+giving+it+two+values%0A%2F%2F+that+are+of+different+types%21+Try+switching+which+argument+comes+first+and+which+comes+second%21%0A) - ["tests2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+tests2.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+test+has+a+problem+with+it+--+make+the+test+compile%21+Make+the+test%0A%2F%2F+pass%21+Make+the+test+fail%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+you_can_assert_eq%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Like+the+previous+exercise%2C+you+don%27t+need+to+write+any+code+to+get+this+test+to+compile+and%0A%2F%2F+run.+%60assert_eq%21%60+is+a+macro+that+takes+two+arguments+and+compares+them.+Try+giving+it+two%0A%2F%2F+values+that+are+equal%21+Try+giving+it+two+arguments+that+are+different%21+Try+giving+it+two+values%0A%2F%2F+that+are+of+different+types%21+Try+switching+which+argument+comes+first+and+which+comes+second%21%0A)
@ -63,13 +73,15 @@ following exercises will ask you to make tests pass!
### If ### If
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/if.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/if.html)
- ["if1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+if1.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+bigger%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3Ai32%29+-%3E+i32+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+the+bigger+number%21%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+-+another+function+call%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+ten_is_bigger_than_eight%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2810%2C+bigger%2810%2C+8%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+fortytwo_is_bigger_than_thirtytwo%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2842%2C+bigger%2832%2C+42%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+It%27s+possible+to+do+this+in+one+line+if+you+would+like%21%0A%2F%2F+Some+similar+examples+from+other+languages%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+In+C%28%2B%2B%29+this+would+be%3A+%60a+%3E+b+%3F+a+%3A+b%60%0A%2F%2F+-+In+Python+this+would+be%3A++%60a+if+a+%3E+b+else+b%60%0A%2F%2F+Remember+in+Rust+that%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+the+%60if%60+condition+does+not+need+to+be+surrounded+by+parentheses%0A%2F%2F+-+%60if%60%2F%60else%60+conditionals+are+expressions%0A%2F%2F+-+Each+condition+is+followed+by+a+%60%7B%7D%60+block.%0A) - ["if1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+if1.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+bigger%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3Ai32%29+-%3E+i32+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+the+bigger+number%21%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+-+another+function+call%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+ten_is_bigger_than_eight%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2810%2C+bigger%2810%2C+8%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+fortytwo_is_bigger_than_thirtytwo%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2842%2C+bigger%2832%2C+42%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+It%27s+possible+to+do+this+in+one+line+if+you+would+like%21%0A%2F%2F+Some+similar+examples+from+other+languages%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+In+C%28%2B%2B%29+this+would+be%3A+%60a+%3E+b+%3F+a+%3A+b%60%0A%2F%2F+-+In+Python+this+would+be%3A++%60a+if+a+%3E+b+else+b%60%0A%2F%2F+Remember+in+Rust+that%3A%0A%2F%2F+-+the+%60if%60+condition+does+not+need+to+be+surrounded+by+parentheses%0A%2F%2F+-+%60if%60%2F%60else%60+conditionals+are+expressions%0A%2F%2F+-+Each+condition+is+followed+by+a+%60%7B%7D%60+block.%0A)
### Strings ### Strings
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/strings.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/strings.html)
- ["strings1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+answer+%3D+current_favorite_color%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22My+current+favorite+color+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+answer%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+current_favorite_color%28%29+-%3E+String+%7B%0A++++%22blue%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+%60current_favorite_color%60+function+is+currently+returning+a+string+slice+with+the+%60%27static%60%0A%2F%2F+lifetime.+We+know+this+because+the+data+of+the+string+lives+in+our+code+itself+--+it+doesn%27t%0A%2F%2F+come+from+a+file+or+user+input+or+another+program+--+so+it+will+live+as+long+as+our+program%0A%2F%2F+lives.+But+it+is+still+a+string+slice.+There%27s+one+way+to+create+a+%60String%60+by+converting+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+covered+in+the+Strings+chapter+of+the+book%2C+and+another+way+that+uses+the+%60From%60%0A%2F%2F+trait.%0A) - ["strings1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+answer+%3D+current_favorite_color%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22My+current+favorite+color+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+answer%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+current_favorite_color%28%29+-%3E+String+%7B%0A++++%22blue%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+%60current_favorite_color%60+function+is+currently+returning+a+string+slice+with+the+%60%27static%60%0A%2F%2F+lifetime.+We+know+this+because+the+data+of+the+string+lives+in+our+code+itself+--+it+doesn%27t%0A%2F%2F+come+from+a+file+or+user+input+or+another+program+--+so+it+will+live+as+long+as+our+program%0A%2F%2F+lives.+But+it+is+still+a+string+slice.+There%27s+one+way+to+create+a+%60String%60+by+converting+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+covered+in+the+Strings+chapter+of+the+book%2C+and+another+way+that+uses+the+%60From%60%0A%2F%2F+trait.%0A)
- ["strings2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+word+%3D+String%3A%3Afrom%28%22green%22%29%3B+%2F%2F+Try+not+changing+this+line+%3A%29%0A++++if+is_a_color_word%28word%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+a+color+word+I+know%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+not+a+color+word+I+know.%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+is_a_color_word%28attempt%3A+%26str%29+-%3E+bool+%7B%0A++++attempt+%3D%3D+%22green%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22blue%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22red%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Yes%2C+it+would+be+really+easy+to+fix+this+by+just+changing+the+value+bound+to+%60word%60+to+be+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+instead+of+a+%60String%60%2C+wouldn%27t+it%3F%3F+There+is+a+way+to+add+one+character+to+line%0A%2F%2F+5%2C+though%2C+that+will+coerce+the+%60String%60+into+a+string+slice.%0A) - ["strings2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+strings2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+the+function+signature%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+word+%3D+String%3A%3Afrom%28%22green%22%29%3B+%2F%2F+Try+not+changing+this+line+%3A%29%0A++++if+is_a_color_word%28word%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+a+color+word+I+know%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D+else+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22That+is+not+a+color+word+I+know.%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+is_a_color_word%28attempt%3A+%26str%29+-%3E+bool+%7B%0A++++attempt+%3D%3D+%22green%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22blue%22+%7C%7C+attempt+%3D%3D+%22red%22%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Yes%2C+it+would+be+really+easy+to+fix+this+by+just+changing+the+value+bound+to+%60word%60+to+be+a%0A%2F%2F+string+slice+instead+of+a+%60String%60%2C+wouldn%27t+it%3F%3F+There+is+a+way+to+add+one+character+to+line%0A%2F%2F+5%2C+though%2C+that+will+coerce+the+%60String%60+into+a+string+slice.%0A)
@ -77,13 +89,17 @@ following exercises will ask you to make tests pass!
### Move semantics ### Move semantics
These exercises are adapted from [pnkfelix]()'s [Rust Tutorial](https://pnkfelix.github.io/rust-examples-icfp2014/) -- thank you Felix!!! These exercises are adapted from [pnkfelix]()'s [Rust
Tutorial](https://pnkfelix.github.io/rust-examples-icfp2014/) -- thank you Felix!!!
Relevant chapters in the book: Relevant chapters in the book:
- [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/ownership.html)
- [References and borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/references-and-borrowing.html)
Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they are subtly different :) - [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/ownership.html)
- [References and
borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/references-and-borrowing.html)
Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they are subtly
different :)
- ["move_semantics1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+you%27ve+got+the+%22cannot+borrow+immutable+local+variable+%60vec1%60+as+mutable%22+error+on+line+10%2C%0A%2F%2F+right%3F+The+fix+for+this+is+going+to+be+adding+one+keyword%2C+and+the+addition+is+NOT+on+line+10%0A%2F%2F+where+the+error+is.%0A) - ["move_semantics1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+you%27ve+got+the+%22cannot+borrow+immutable+local+variable+%60vec1%60+as+mutable%22+error+on+line+10%2C%0A%2F%2F+right%3F+The+fix+for+this+is+going+to+be+adding+one+keyword%2C+and+the+addition+is+NOT+on+line+10%0A%2F%2F+where+the+error+is.%0A)
- ["move_semantics2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+line+9%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+mut+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+change+the+following+line%21%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec0%22%2C+vec0.len%28%29%2C+vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+%60vec0%60+is+being+*moved*+into+the+function+%60fill_vec%60+when+we+call+it+on%0A%2F%2F+line+6%2C+which+means+it+gets+dropped+at+the+end+of+%60fill_vec%60%2C+which+means+we%0A%2F%2F+can%27t+use+%60vec0%60+again+on+line+9+%28or+anywhere+else+in+%60main%60+after+the%0A%2F%2F+%60fill_vec%60+call+for+that+matter%29.+We+could+fix+this+in+a+few+ways%2C+try+them%0A%2F%2F+all%21%0A%2F%2F+1.+Make+another%2C+separate+version+of+the+data+that%27s+in+%60vec0%60+and+pass+that%0A%2F%2F+to+%60fill_vec%60+instead.%0A%2F%2F+2.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+borrow+its+argument+instead+of+taking+ownership+of+it%2C%0A%2F%2F+and+then+copy+the+data+within+the+function+in+order+to+return+an+owned%0A%2F%2F+%60Vec%3Ci32%3E%60%0A%2F%2F+3.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+*mutably*+borrow+its+argument+%28which+will+need+to+be%0A%2F%2F+mutable%29%2C+modify+it+directly%2C+then+not+return+anything.+Then+you+can+get+rid%0A%2F%2F+of+%60vec1%60+entirely+--+note+that+this+will+change+what+gets+printed+by+the%0A%2F%2F+first+%60println%21%60%0A) - ["move_semantics2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+move_semantics2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile+without+changing+line+9%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Apub+fn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+vec0+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+mut+vec1+%3D+fill_vec%28vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+change+the+following+line%21%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec0%22%2C+vec0.len%28%29%2C+vec0%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec1.push%2888%29%3B%0A%0A++++println%21%28%22%7B%7D+has+length+%7B%7D+content+%60%7B%3A%3F%7D%60%22%2C+%22vec1%22%2C+vec1.len%28%29%2C+vec1%29%3B%0A%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+fill_vec%28vec%3A+Vec%3Ci32%3E%29+-%3E+Vec%3Ci32%3E+%7B%0A++++let+mut+vec+%3D+vec%3B%0A%0A++++vec.push%2822%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2844%29%3B%0A++++vec.push%2866%29%3B%0A%0A++++vec%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+So+%60vec0%60+is+being+*moved*+into+the+function+%60fill_vec%60+when+we+call+it+on%0A%2F%2F+line+6%2C+which+means+it+gets+dropped+at+the+end+of+%60fill_vec%60%2C+which+means+we%0A%2F%2F+can%27t+use+%60vec0%60+again+on+line+9+%28or+anywhere+else+in+%60main%60+after+the%0A%2F%2F+%60fill_vec%60+call+for+that+matter%29.+We+could+fix+this+in+a+few+ways%2C+try+them%0A%2F%2F+all%21%0A%2F%2F+1.+Make+another%2C+separate+version+of+the+data+that%27s+in+%60vec0%60+and+pass+that%0A%2F%2F+to+%60fill_vec%60+instead.%0A%2F%2F+2.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+borrow+its+argument+instead+of+taking+ownership+of+it%2C%0A%2F%2F+and+then+copy+the+data+within+the+function+in+order+to+return+an+owned%0A%2F%2F+%60Vec%3Ci32%3E%60%0A%2F%2F+3.+Make+%60fill_vec%60+*mutably*+borrow+its+argument+%28which+will+need+to+be%0A%2F%2F+mutable%29%2C+modify+it+directly%2C+then+not+return+anything.+Then+you+can+get+rid%0A%2F%2F+of+%60vec1%60+entirely+--+note+that+this+will+change+what+gets+printed+by+the%0A%2F%2F+first+%60println%21%60%0A)
@ -92,14 +108,16 @@ Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they
### Modules ### Modules
[Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/crates-and-modules.html) [Relevant chapter in The Rust Programming
Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/crates-and-modules.html)
- ["modules1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+sausage_factory+%7B%0A++++fn+make_sausage%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22sausage%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++sausage_factory%3A%3Amake_sausage%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Everything+is+private+in+Rust+by+default--+but+there%27s+a+keyword+we+can+use%0A%2F%2F+to+make+something+public%21+The+compiler+error+should+point+to+the+thing+that%0A%2F%2F+needs+to+be+public.%0A) - ["modules1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+sausage_factory+%7B%0A++++fn+make_sausage%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22sausage%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++sausage_factory%3A%3Amake_sausage%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Everything+is+private+in+Rust+by+default--+but+there%27s+a+keyword+we+can+use%0A%2F%2F+to+make+something+public%21+The+compiler+error+should+point+to+the+thing+that%0A%2F%2F+needs+to+be+public.%0A)
- ["modules2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+us_presidential_frontrunners+%7B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Ademocrats%3A%3AHILLARY_CLINTON+as+democrat%3B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Arepublicans%3A%3ADONALD_TRUMP+as+republican%3B%0A%0A++++mod+democrats+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+HILLARY_CLINTON%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Hillary+Clinton%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+BERNIE_SANDERS%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Bernie+Sanders%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++mod+republicans+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+DONALD_TRUMP%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Donald+Trump%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+JEB_BUSH%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Jeb+Bush%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++println%21%28%22candidates%3A+%7B%7D+and+%7B%7D%22%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Arepublican%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+us_presidential_frontrunners+module+is+trying+to+present+an+external%0A%2F%2F+interface+%28the+%60democrat%60+and+%60republican%60+constants%29+that+is+different+than%0A%2F%2F+its+internal+structure+%28the+%60democrats%60+and+%60republicans%60+modules+and%0A%2F%2F+associated+constants%29.+It%27s+almost+there+except+for+one+keyword+missing+for%0A%2F%2F+each+constant.%0A%2F%2F+One+more+hint%3A+I+wish+the+compiler+error%2C+instead+of+saying+%22unresolved+name%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60%22%2C+could+say++%22constant%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60+is+private%22%21) - ["modules2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+modules2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amod+us_presidential_frontrunners+%7B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Ademocrats%3A%3AHILLARY_CLINTON+as+democrat%3B%0A++++use+self%3A%3Arepublicans%3A%3ADONALD_TRUMP+as+republican%3B%0A%0A++++mod+democrats+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+HILLARY_CLINTON%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Hillary+Clinton%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+BERNIE_SANDERS%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Bernie+Sanders%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++mod+republicans+%7B%0A++++++++pub+const+DONALD_TRUMP%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Donald+Trump%22%3B%0A++++++++pub+const+JEB_BUSH%3A+%26%27static+str+%3D+%22Jeb+Bush%22%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++println%21%28%22candidates%3A+%7B%7D+and+%7B%7D%22%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%2C%0A+++++++++++++us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Arepublican%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+The+us_presidential_frontrunners+module+is+trying+to+present+an+external%0A%2F%2F+interface+%28the+%60democrat%60+and+%60republican%60+constants%29+that+is+different+than%0A%2F%2F+its+internal+structure+%28the+%60democrats%60+and+%60republicans%60+modules+and%0A%2F%2F+associated+constants%29.+It%27s+almost+there+except+for+one+keyword+missing+for%0A%2F%2F+each+constant.%0A%2F%2F+One+more+hint%3A+I+wish+the+compiler+error%2C+instead+of+saying+%22unresolved+name%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60%22%2C+could+say++%22constant%0A%2F%2F+%60us_presidential_frontrunners%3A%3Ademocrat%60+is+private%22%21)
### Macros ### Macros
[Check out the Macros section of the book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/first-edition/macros.html). [Check out the Macros section of the
book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/first-edition/macros.html).
- ["macros1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+When+you+call+a+macro%2C+you+need+to+add+something+special+compared+to+a%0A%2F%2F+regular+function+call.+If+you%27re+stuck%2C+take+a+look+at+what%27s+inside%0A%2F%2F+%60my_macro%60.%0A) - ["macros1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+When+you+call+a+macro%2C+you+need+to+add+something+special+compared+to+a%0A%2F%2F+regular+function+call.+If+you%27re+stuck%2C+take+a+look+at+what%27s+inside%0A%2F%2F+%60my_macro%60.%0A)
- ["macros2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%21%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Macros+don%27t+quite+play+by+the+same+rules+as+the+rest+of+Rust%2C+in+terms+of%0A%2F%2F+what%27s+available+where.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Unlike+other+things+in+Rust%2C+the+order+of+%22where+you+define+a+macro%22+versus%0A%2F%2F+%22where+you+use+it%22+actually+matters.%0A) - ["macros2.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+macros2.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+me+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++my_macro%21%28%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0Amacro_rules%21+my_macro+%7B%0A++++%28%29+%3D%3E+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22Check+out+my+macro%21%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Macros+don%27t+quite+play+by+the+same+rules+as+the+rest+of+Rust%2C+in+terms+of%0A%2F%2F+what%27s+available+where.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Unlike+other+things+in+Rust%2C+the+order+of+%22where+you+define+a+macro%22+versus%0A%2F%2F+%22where+you+use+it%22+actually+matters.%0A)
@ -108,7 +126,8 @@ Note that the exercises in this section may look similar to each other but they
### Error Handling ### Error Handling
The [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/error-handling.html) and [Generics](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/generics.html) sections are relevant. The [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/error-handling.html) and
[Generics](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/generics.html) sections are relevant.
- ["option1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+option1.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+example+panics+because+the+second+time+it+calls+%60pop%60%2C+the+%60vec%60%0A%2F%2F+is+empty%2C+so+%60pop%60+returns+%60None%60%2C+and+%60unwrap%60+panics+if+it%27s+called%0A%2F%2F+on+%60None%60.+Handle+this+in+a+more+graceful+way+than+calling+%60unwrap%60%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+mut+list+%3D+vec%21%5B3%5D%3B%0A%0A++++let+last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+last%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+second_to_last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+second-to-last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+second_to_last%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Try+using+a+%60match%60+statement+where+the+arms+are+%60Some%28thing%29%60+and+%60None%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+set+a+default+value+to+print+out+if+you+get+%60None%60+by+using+the%0A%2F%2F+function+%60unwrap_or%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+use+an+%60if+let%60+statement+on+the+result+of+%60pop%28%29%60+to+both+destructure%0A%2F%2F+a+%60Some%60+value+and+only+print+out+something+if+we+have+a+value%21%0A) - ["option1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+option1.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+example+panics+because+the+second+time+it+calls+%60pop%60%2C+the+%60vec%60%0A%2F%2F+is+empty%2C+so+%60pop%60+returns+%60None%60%2C+and+%60unwrap%60+panics+if+it%27s+called%0A%2F%2F+on+%60None%60.+Handle+this+in+a+more+graceful+way+than+calling+%60unwrap%60%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+mut+list+%3D+vec%21%5B3%5D%3B%0A%0A++++let+last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+last%29%3B%0A%0A++++let+second_to_last+%3D+list.pop%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++println%21%28%22The+second-to-last+item+in+the+list+is+%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+second_to_last%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Try+using+a+%60match%60+statement+where+the+arms+are+%60Some%28thing%29%60+and+%60None%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+set+a+default+value+to+print+out+if+you+get+%60None%60+by+using+the%0A%2F%2F+function+%60unwrap_or%60.%0A%2F%2F+Or+use+an+%60if+let%60+statement+on+the+result+of+%60pop%28%29%60+to+both+destructure%0A%2F%2F+a+%60Some%60+value+and+only+print+out+something+if+we+have+a+value%21%0A)
- ["result1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+result1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+test+pass%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Astruct+PositiveNonzeroInteger%28u64%29%3B%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Aenum+CreationError+%7B%0A++++Negative%2C%0A++++Zero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Aimpl+PositiveNonzeroInteger+%7B%0A++++fn+new%28value%3A+i64%29+-%3E+Result%3CPositiveNonzeroInteger%2C+CreationError%3E+%7B%0A++++++++Ok%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%28value+as+u64%29%29%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Btest%5D%0Afn+test_creation%28%29+%7B%0A++++assert%21%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%2810%29.is_ok%28%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3ANegative%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%28-10%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3AZero%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%280%29%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%60+is+always+creating+a+new+instance+and+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result.%0A%2F%2F+It+should+be+doing+some+checking%2C+returning+an+%60Err%60+result+if+those+checks+fail%2C+and+only%0A%2F%2F+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result+if+those+checks+determine+that+everything+is...+okay+%3A%29%0A) - ["result1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+result1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+test+pass%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Astruct+PositiveNonzeroInteger%28u64%29%3B%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28PartialEq%2CDebug%29%5D%0Aenum+CreationError+%7B%0A++++Negative%2C%0A++++Zero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Aimpl+PositiveNonzeroInteger+%7B%0A++++fn+new%28value%3A+i64%29+-%3E+Result%3CPositiveNonzeroInteger%2C+CreationError%3E+%7B%0A++++++++Ok%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%28value+as+u64%29%29%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Btest%5D%0Afn+test_creation%28%29+%7B%0A++++assert%21%28PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%2810%29.is_ok%28%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3ANegative%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%28-10%29%29%3B%0A++++assert_eq%21%28Err%28CreationError%3A%3AZero%29%2C+PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%280%29%29%3B%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60PositiveNonzeroInteger%3A%3Anew%60+is+always+creating+a+new+instance+and+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result.%0A%2F%2F+It+should+be+doing+some+checking%2C+returning+an+%60Err%60+result+if+those+checks+fail%2C+and+only%0A%2F%2F+returning+an+%60Ok%60+result+if+those+checks+determine+that+everything+is...+okay+%3A%29%0A)
@ -121,23 +140,30 @@ The [Error Handling](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/error-h
#### `Arc` #### `Arc`
The [Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) section is relevant. The [Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) section is
relevant.
- ["arc1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+arc1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+code+compile+by+filling+in+a+value+for+%60shared_numbers%60+where+the%0A%2F%2F+TODO+comment+is+and+creating+an+initial+binding+for+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+somewhere.+Try+not+to+create+any+copies+of+the+%60numbers%60+Vec%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+numbers%3A+Vec%3C_%3E+%3D+%280..100u32%29.collect%28%29%3B%0A++++let+shared_numbers+%3D+%2F%2F+TODO%0A++++let+mut+joinhandles+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++for+offset+in+0..8+%7B%0A++++++++joinhandles.push%28%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+i+%3D+offset%3B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+sum+%3D+0%3B%0A++++++++++++while+i+%3C+child_numbers.len%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++++++++++sum+%2B%3D+child_numbers%5Bi%5D%3B%0A++++++++++++++++i+%2B%3D+5%3B%0A++++++++++++%7D%0A++++++++++++println%21%28%22Sum+of+offset+%7B%7D+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+offset%2C+sum%29%3B%0A++++++++%7D%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++for+handle+in+joinhandles.into_iter%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++handle.join%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+%60shared_numbers%60+be+an+%60Arc%60+from+the+numbers+vector.+Then%2C+in+order%0A%2F%2F+to+avoid+creating+a+copy+of+%60numbers%60%2C+you%27ll+need+to+create+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+inside+the+loop+but+still+in+the+main+thread.%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60child_numbers%60+should+be+a+clone+of+the+Arc+of+the+numbers+instead+of+a%0A%2F%2F+thread-local+copy+of+the+numbers.%0A) - ["arc1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+arc1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+code+compile+by+filling+in+a+value+for+%60shared_numbers%60+where+the%0A%2F%2F+TODO+comment+is+and+creating+an+initial+binding+for+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+somewhere.+Try+not+to+create+any+copies+of+the+%60numbers%60+Vec%21%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+numbers%3A+Vec%3C_%3E+%3D+%280..100u32%29.collect%28%29%3B%0A++++let+shared_numbers+%3D+%2F%2F+TODO%0A++++let+mut+joinhandles+%3D+Vec%3A%3Anew%28%29%3B%0A%0A++++for+offset+in+0..8+%7B%0A++++++++joinhandles.push%28%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+i+%3D+offset%3B%0A++++++++++++let+mut+sum+%3D+0%3B%0A++++++++++++while+i+%3C+child_numbers.len%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++++++++++sum+%2B%3D+child_numbers%5Bi%5D%3B%0A++++++++++++++++i+%2B%3D+5%3B%0A++++++++++++%7D%0A++++++++++++println%21%28%22Sum+of+offset+%7B%7D+is+%7B%7D%22%2C+offset%2C+sum%29%3B%0A++++++++%7D%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++for+handle+in+joinhandles.into_iter%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++handle.join%28%29.unwrap%28%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+%60shared_numbers%60+be+an+%60Arc%60+from+the+numbers+vector.+Then%2C+in+order%0A%2F%2F+to+avoid+creating+a+copy+of+%60numbers%60%2C+you%27ll+need+to+create+%60child_numbers%60%0A%2F%2F+inside+the+loop+but+still+in+the+main+thread.%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60child_numbers%60+should+be+a+clone+of+the+Arc+of+the+numbers+instead+of+a%0A%2F%2F+thread-local+copy+of+the+numbers.%0A)
#### Iterators #### Iterators
Do not adjust your monitors-- iterators 1 and 2 are indeed missing. Iterator 3 is a bit challenging so we're leaving space for some exercises to lead up to it! Do not adjust your monitors-- iterators 1 and 2 are indeed missing. Iterator 3 is a bit challenging
so we're leaving space for some exercises to lead up to it!
Check out the [Iterators chapter of the book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/iterators.html) and the [Iterator docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html). Check out the [Iterators chapter of the
book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/iterators.html) and the [Iterator
docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html).
- ["iterator3.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterator3.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+is+a+bigger+exercise+than+most+of+the+others%21+You+can+do+it%21%0A%2F%2F+Here+is+your+mission%2C+should+you+choose+to+accept+it%3A%0A%2F%2F+1.+Complete+the+divide+function+to+get+the+first+four+tests+to+pass%0A%2F%2F+2.+Uncomment+the+last+two+tests+and+get+them+to+pass+by+filling+in%0A%2F%2F++++values+for+%60x%60+using+%60division_results%60.%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+a+minor+hint+for+part+2%2C+and+scroll+down+further+for%0A%2F%2F+a+major+hint.%0A%2F%2F+Have+fun+%3A-%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+enum+DivisionError+%7B%0A++++NotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%29%2C%0A++++DivideByZero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+struct+NotDivisibleError+%7B%0A++++dividend%3A+i32%2C%0A++++divisor%3A+i32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+function+should+calculate+%60a%60+divided+by+%60b%60+if+%60a%60+is%0A%2F%2F+evenly+divisible+by+b.%0A%2F%2F+Otherwise%2C+it+should+return+a+suitable+error.%0Apub+fn+divide%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3A+i32%29+-%3E+Result%3Ci32%2C+DivisionError%3E+%7B%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Tests+that+verify+your+%60divide%60+function+implementation%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_success%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+9%29%2C+Ok%289%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_not_divisible%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%0A++++++++++++divide%2881%2C+6%29%2C%0A++++++++++++Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ANotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%7B%0A++++++++++++++++dividend%3A+81%2C%0A++++++++++++++++divisor%3A+6%0A++++++++++++%7D%29%29%0A++++++++%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_by_0%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+0%29%2C+Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ADivideByZero%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_0_by_something%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%280%2C+81%29%2C+Ok%280%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Iterator+exercises+using+your+%60divide%60+function%0A++++%2F*%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+result_with_list%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22Ok%28%5B1%2C+11%2C+1426%2C+3%5D%29%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+list_of_results%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22%5BOk%281%29%2C+Ok%2811%29%2C+Ok%281426%29%2C+Ok%283%29%5D%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++*%2F%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Minor+hint%3A+In+each+of+the+two+cases+in+the+match+in+main%2C+you+can+create+x+with+either+a+%27turbofish%27+or+by+hinting+the+type+of+x+to+the+compiler.+You+may+try+both.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Major+hint%3A+Have+a+look+at+the+Iter+trait+and+at+the+explanation+of+its+collect+function.+Especially+the+part+about+Result+is+interesting.%0A) - ["iterator3.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterator3.rs%0A%2F%2F+This+is+a+bigger+exercise+than+most+of+the+others%21+You+can+do+it%21%0A%2F%2F+Here+is+your+mission%2C+should+you+choose+to+accept+it%3A%0A%2F%2F+1.+Complete+the+divide+function+to+get+the+first+four+tests+to+pass%0A%2F%2F+2.+Uncomment+the+last+two+tests+and+get+them+to+pass+by+filling+in%0A%2F%2F++++values+for+%60x%60+using+%60division_results%60.%0A%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+a+minor+hint+for+part+2%2C+and+scroll+down+further+for%0A%2F%2F+a+major+hint.%0A%2F%2F+Have+fun+%3A-%29%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+enum+DivisionError+%7B%0A++++NotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%29%2C%0A++++DivideByZero%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bderive%28Debug%2C+PartialEq%2C+Eq%29%5D%0Apub+struct+NotDivisibleError+%7B%0A++++dividend%3A+i32%2C%0A++++divisor%3A+i32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0A%2F%2F+This+function+should+calculate+%60a%60+divided+by+%60b%60+if+%60a%60+is%0A%2F%2F+evenly+divisible+by+b.%0A%2F%2F+Otherwise%2C+it+should+return+a+suitable+error.%0Apub+fn+divide%28a%3A+i32%2C+b%3A+i32%29+-%3E+Result%3Ci32%2C+DivisionError%3E+%7B%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Tests+that+verify+your+%60divide%60+function+implementation%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_success%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+9%29%2C+Ok%289%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_not_divisible%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28%0A++++++++++++divide%2881%2C+6%29%2C%0A++++++++++++Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ANotDivisible%28NotDivisibleError%7B%0A++++++++++++++++dividend%3A+81%2C%0A++++++++++++++++divisor%3A+6%0A++++++++++++%7D%29%29%0A++++++++%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_by_0%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%2881%2C+0%29%2C+Err%28DivisionError%3A%3ADivideByZero%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+test_divide_0_by_something%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28divide%280%2C+81%29%2C+Ok%280%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%2F%2F+Iterator+exercises+using+your+%60divide%60+function%0A++++%2F*%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+result_with_list%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22Ok%28%5B1%2C+11%2C+1426%2C+3%5D%29%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+list_of_results%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++let+numbers+%3D+vec%21%5B27%2C+297%2C+38502%2C+81%5D%3B%0A++++++++let+division_results+%3D+numbers.into_iter%28%29.map%28%7Cn%7C+divide%28n%2C+27%29%29%3B%0A++++++++let+x+%2F%2F...+Fill+in+here%21%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%28format%21%28%22%7B%3A%3F%7D%22%2C+x%29%2C+%22%5BOk%281%29%2C+Ok%2811%29%2C+Ok%281426%29%2C+Ok%283%29%5D%22%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++*%2F%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Minor+hint%3A+In+each+of+the+two+cases+in+the+match+in+main%2C+you+can+create+x+with+either+a+%27turbofish%27+or+by+hinting+the+type+of+x+to+the+compiler.+You+may+try+both.%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Major+hint%3A+Have+a+look+at+the+Iter+trait+and+at+the+explanation+of+its+collect+function.+Especially+the+part+about+Result+is+interesting.%0A)
- ["iterators4.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterators4.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+factorial%28num%3A+u64%29+-%3E+u64+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+factorial+of+num%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+For+extra+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+imperative+style+loops+%28for%2C+while%29%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+For+the+most+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+recursion%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_1%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%281%2C+factorial%281%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_2%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%282%2C+factorial%282%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_4%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2824%2C+factorial%284%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+In+an+imperative+language+you+might+write+a+for+loop+to+iterate+through%0A%2F%2F+multiply+the+values+into+a+mutable+variable.+Or+you+might+write+code+more%0A%2F%2F+functionally+with+recursion+and+a+match+clause.+But+you+can+also+use+ranges%0A%2F%2F+and+iterators+to+solve+this+in+rust.%0A) - ["iterators4.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+iterators4.rs%0A%0Apub+fn+factorial%28num%3A+u64%29+-%3E+u64+%7B%0A++++%2F%2F+Complete+this+function+to+return+factorial+of+num%0A++++%2F%2F+Do+not+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+return%0A++++%2F%2F+For+extra+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+imperative+style+loops+%28for%2C+while%29%0A++++%2F%2F+-+additional+variables%0A++++%2F%2F+For+the+most+fun+don%27t+use%3A%0A++++%2F%2F+-+recursion%0A++++%2F%2F+Scroll+down+for+hints.%0A%7D%0A%0A%23%5Bcfg%28test%29%5D%0Amod+tests+%7B%0A++++use+super%3A%3A*%3B%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_1%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%281%2C+factorial%281%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_2%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%282%2C+factorial%282%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%0A++++%23%5Btest%5D%0A++++fn+factorial_of_4%28%29+%7B%0A++++++++assert_eq%21%2824%2C+factorial%284%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+In+an+imperative+language+you+might+write+a+for+loop+to+iterate+through%0A%2F%2F+multiply+the+values+into+a+mutable+variable.+Or+you+might+write+code+more%0A%2F%2F+functionally+with+recursion+and+a+match+clause.+But+you+can+also+use+ranges%0A%2F%2F+and+iterators+to+solve+this+in+rust.%0A)
### Threads ### Threads
See [the Dining Philosophers example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/first-edition/dining-philosophers.html) and the [Concurrency Chapter](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) from the book. See [the Dining Philosophers
example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/first-edition/dining-philosophers.html) and the
[Concurrency Chapter](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/first-edition/concurrency.html) from
the book.
- ["threads1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+threads1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29+The+idea+is+the+thread%0A%2F%2F+spawned+on+line+17+is+completing+jobs+while+the+main+thread+is%0A%2F%2F+monitoring+progress+until+10+jobs+are+completed.+If+you+see+6+lines%0A%2F%2F+of+%22waiting...%22+and+the+program+ends+without+timing+out+the+playground%2C%0A%2F%2F+you%27ve+got+it+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Atime%3A%3ADuration%3B%0A%0Astruct+JobStatus+%7B%0A++++jobs_completed%3A+u32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%3B%0A++++let+status_shared+%3D+status.clone%28%29%3B%0A++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++for+_+in+0..10+%7B%0A++++++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28250%29%29%3B%0A++++++++++++status_shared.jobs_completed+%2B%3D+1%3B%0A++++++++%7D%0A++++%7D%29%3B%0A++++while+status.jobs_completed+%3C+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22waiting...+%22%29%3B%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28500%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60Arc%60+is+an+Atomic+Reference+Counted+pointer+that+allows+safe%2C+shared+access%0A%2F%2F+to+**immutable**+data.+But+we+want+to+*change*+the+number+of+%60jobs_completed%60%0A%2F%2F+so+we%27ll+need+to+also+use+another+type+that+will+only+allow+one+thread+to%0A%2F%2F+mutate+the+data+at+a+time.+Take+a+look+at+this+section+of+the+book%3A%0A%2F%2F+https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstable%2Fbook%2Fconcurrency.html%23safe-shared-mutable-state%0A%2F%2F+and+keep+scrolling+if+you%27d+like+more+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Do+you+now+have+an+%60Arc%60+%60Mutex%60+%60JobStatus%60+at+the+beginning+of+main%3F+Like%3A%0A%2F%2F+%60let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28Mutex%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%29%3B%60%0A%2F%2F+Similar+to+the+code+in+the+example+in+the+book+that+happens+after+the+text%0A%2F%2F+that+says+%22We+can+use+Arc%3CT%3E+to+fix+this.%22.+If+not%2C+give+that+a+try%21+If+you%0A%2F%2F+do+and+would+like+more+hints%2C+keep+scrolling%21%21%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+sure+neither+of+your+threads+are+holding+onto+the+lock+of+the+mutex%0A%2F%2F+while+they+are+sleeping%2C+since+this+will+prevent+the+other+thread+from%0A%2F%2F+being+allowed+to+get+the+lock.+Locks+are+automatically+released+when%0A%2F%2F+they+go+out+of+scope.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Ok%2C+so%2C+real+talk%2C+this+was+actually+tricky+for+*me*+to+do+too.+And%0A%2F%2F+I+could+see+a+lot+of+different+problems+you+might+run+into%2C+so+at+this%0A%2F%2F+point+I%27m+not+sure+which+one+you%27ve+hit+%3A%29+Please+see+a+few+possible%0A%2F%2F+answers+on+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fcarols10cents%2Frustlings%2Fissues%2F3+--%0A%2F%2F+mine+is+a+little+more+complicated+because+I+decided+I+wanted+to+see%0A%2F%2F+the+number+of+jobs+currently+done+when+I+was+checking+the+status.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Please+open+an+issue+if+you%27re+still+running+into+a+problem+that%0A%2F%2F+these+hints+are+not+helping+you+with%2C+or+if+you%27ve+looked+at+the+sample%0A%2F%2F+answers+and+don%27t+understand+why+they+work+and+yours+doesn%27t.%0A%0A%2F%2F+If+you%27ve+learned+from+the+sample+solutions%2C+I+encourage+you+to+come%0A%2F%2F+back+to+this+exercise+and+try+it+again+in+a+few+days+to+reinforce%0A%2F%2F+what+you%27ve+learned+%3A%29%0A) - ["threads1.rs"](https://play.rust-lang.org/?code=%2F%2F+threads1.rs%0A%2F%2F+Make+this+compile%21+Scroll+down+for+hints+%3A%29+The+idea+is+the+thread%0A%2F%2F+spawned+on+line+17+is+completing+jobs+while+the+main+thread+is%0A%2F%2F+monitoring+progress+until+10+jobs+are+completed.+If+you+see+6+lines%0A%2F%2F+of+%22waiting...%22+and+the+program+ends+without+timing+out+the+playground%2C%0A%2F%2F+you%27ve+got+it+%3A%29%0A%0Ause+std%3A%3Async%3A%3AArc%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Athread%3B%0Ause+std%3A%3Atime%3A%3ADuration%3B%0A%0Astruct+JobStatus+%7B%0A++++jobs_completed%3A+u32%2C%0A%7D%0A%0Afn+main%28%29+%7B%0A++++let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%3B%0A++++let+status_shared+%3D+status.clone%28%29%3B%0A++++thread%3A%3Aspawn%28move+%7C%7C+%7B%0A++++++++for+_+in+0..10+%7B%0A++++++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28250%29%29%3B%0A++++++++++++status_shared.jobs_completed+%2B%3D+1%3B%0A++++++++%7D%0A++++%7D%29%3B%0A++++while+status.jobs_completed+%3C+10+%7B%0A++++++++println%21%28%22waiting...+%22%29%3B%0A++++++++thread%3A%3Asleep%28Duration%3A%3Afrom_millis%28500%29%29%3B%0A++++%7D%0A%7D%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+%60Arc%60+is+an+Atomic+Reference+Counted+pointer+that+allows+safe%2C+shared+access%0A%2F%2F+to+**immutable**+data.+But+we+want+to+*change*+the+number+of+%60jobs_completed%60%0A%2F%2F+so+we%27ll+need+to+also+use+another+type+that+will+only+allow+one+thread+to%0A%2F%2F+mutate+the+data+at+a+time.+Take+a+look+at+this+section+of+the+book%3A%0A%2F%2F+https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fstable%2Fbook%2Fconcurrency.html%23safe-shared-mutable-state%0A%2F%2F+and+keep+scrolling+if+you%27d+like+more+hints+%3A%29%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Do+you+now+have+an+%60Arc%60+%60Mutex%60+%60JobStatus%60+at+the+beginning+of+main%3F+Like%3A%0A%2F%2F+%60let+status+%3D+Arc%3A%3Anew%28Mutex%3A%3Anew%28JobStatus+%7B+jobs_completed%3A+0+%7D%29%29%3B%60%0A%2F%2F+Similar+to+the+code+in+the+example+in+the+book+that+happens+after+the+text%0A%2F%2F+that+says+%22We+can+use+Arc%3CT%3E+to+fix+this.%22.+If+not%2C+give+that+a+try%21+If+you%0A%2F%2F+do+and+would+like+more+hints%2C+keep+scrolling%21%21%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%0A%2F%2F+Make+sure+neither+of+your+threads+are+holding+onto+the+lock+of+the+mutex%0A%2F%2F+while+they+are+sleeping%2C+since+this+will+prevent+the+other+thread+from%0A%2F%2F+being+allowed+to+get+the+lock.+Locks+are+automatically+released+when%0A%2F%2F+they+go+out+of+scope.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Ok%2C+so%2C+real+talk%2C+this+was+actually+tricky+for+*me*+to+do+too.+And%0A%2F%2F+I+could+see+a+lot+of+different+problems+you+might+run+into%2C+so+at+this%0A%2F%2F+point+I%27m+not+sure+which+one+you%27ve+hit+%3A%29+Please+see+a+few+possible%0A%2F%2F+answers+on+https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fcarols10cents%2Frustlings%2Fissues%2F3+--%0A%2F%2F+mine+is+a+little+more+complicated+because+I+decided+I+wanted+to+see%0A%2F%2F+the+number+of+jobs+currently+done+when+I+was+checking+the+status.%0A%0A%2F%2F+Please+open+an+issue+if+you%27re+still+running+into+a+problem+that%0A%2F%2F+these+hints+are+not+helping+you+with%2C+or+if+you%27ve+looked+at+the+sample%0A%2F%2F+answers+and+don%27t+understand+why+they+work+and+yours+doesn%27t.%0A%0A%2F%2F+If+you%27ve+learned+from+the+sample+solutions%2C+I+encourage+you+to+come%0A%2F%2F+back+to+this+exercise+and+try+it+again+in+a+few+days+to+reinforce%0A%2F%2F+what+you%27ve+learned+%3A%29%0A)
@ -154,5 +180,8 @@ A few exercises based on things I've encountered or had trouble with getting use
## To help with this repo/TODO list ## To help with this repo/TODO list
* File issues for problems or suggestions! * File issues for problems or suggestions!
* Contribute more exercises! Anything that took you time to get used to, or that you had trouble with, or that deserves practice would be a good exercise! * Contribute more exercises! Anything that took you time to get used to, or that you had trouble
* How could the process of doing these exercises work better? This is an open-ended question :) Are the playground links good enough? Are there ways that we could make going to the next exercise easier without forking the playground?? with, or that deserves practice would be a good exercise!
* How could the process of doing these exercises work better? This is an open-ended question :) Are
the playground links good enough? Are there ways that we could make going to the next exercise
easier without forking the playground??